Aspect Ratio -- or "Why is that person short and fat?"

I was watching my HD TV the other night when it occurred to me. I am seeing A LOT of full screen material. Why is that so earth shattering? Well, it wasn't that long ago that most of the material did NOT fill the screen. I had just gotten used to it the old way. I had noticed a change. Subtle, but a change.

First, a quick history lesson on how we got here.

The reason TV was a square, 4:3 in the first place was to mimic movies. They were roughly 4:3 aspect meaning, for every 4 units wide, the picture will be 3 units high. It is basic physics of 35mm film. In the 1950's, the movie industry was afraid that TV would kill it so they created, Cinemascope type or wide screen formats where the picture was wider that the old standard of 4 units wide to give it an edge over television and keep seats in the movie houses filled. When digital TV was developed in the 1980's, it was decided to again adapt to the wider screen format of movies. The only problem is that there are several different wide screen cinema formats so 16:9, 16 units wide to 9 units high was adapted for digital television. That is why you can sometimes still see black bars at the top and bottom and really wide movies when played on a HD TV. It is all about aspect ratio. "Why is that person short and fat?"

I bought my first HD TV in 2003. I got it for work since we had just started digital broadcasting and network was sending actual 16:9 formatted programming. I wanted to see it to be sure it was being broadcast correctly. In 2003, very few people had HD TV's. I jokingly said I had my "own" TV station. I could turn it on and off and do all kinds of stuff with it and no one ever called and complained. (They didn't) Problem was for all of 2 hours maximum a day, we had full screen material to broadcast. The rest of the day, we ran our analog 4:3 video through a converter that put black wings on the side of the picture to keep people the correct aspect and to fill out the 16:9 screen. It was simple. If network on was line, the converter was out of line and network worried about its own programming. When not in network, the converter was in line. Correct aspect was maintained. We did that for years. So did the majority of TV stations nationwide.

On June 12, 2009, full power TV stations were required by the government to turn off their analog transmitters. This forced the viewing public to conform to the new digital standard. This also forced stations and program distributors beyond the networks to begin dealing with aspect ratio since the new defacto standard had moved from 4:3 to 16:9. Literally overnight.

When the digital standard had been set, it was stated that standard definition could be 4:3 or 16:9. There was no embedded way to tell the set how to automatically format the picture though. Still isn't. All HD would be 16:9 and if it were upconverted SD the picture formatting signal was an option. After the Digital Transition in 2009, production companies very quickly moved towards converting their programs from 4:3 SD to 16:9 HD. In just 3 years, very few programs intended for mass distribution are still in SD where only network programs were in HD 16:9 before June 2009. Even local stations have converted to HD in a fraction of the time that they converted from black and white to color between the late 1950's into the mid to late 1960's. We began true 16:9 programming in the fall of 2009. Our newscast was still in SD, but it was true widescreen. In the fall of 2009 only 4 non network programs were available to us in HD and we broadcasted those programs in 16:9 HD while the rest of the schedule was upconverted SD 4:3 with black bars on the side, including locally produced programming. In the fall of 2010 we converted our news and production operation completely to HD including live field news reports via microwave and via satellite. Today, only 3 non network programs are SD. We air over 20 hours a day of HD 16:9 programming. Not bad. But........

On the other hand, commercial production has lagged way behind. The majority of commercials at the national level are still produced in 4:3 standard definition. The reason? Production houses charge more for HD commercials. It cost more to distribute them. Gone are the days of sending tapes with the commercials on them. They are now sent to severs located at the stations as files via the Internet and satellite. It takes bandwidth to do that. HD commercials use A LOT of bandwidth. So they charge more for it. That is changing, but very slowly. We have been producing our local commercials in widescreen and then in HD since the fall of 2009. The other local stations have also started to produce their local commercials in widescreen at least. We get about 6 HD national commercials a week compared to the more than 250 we get in SD.

The other night is when I noticed that I was seeing more and more national HD commercials. I was seeing less and less of the back bars on the sides. As a matter of fact, most of the commercials were in widescreen. Something in 2003 was unimaginable. It is amazing how far we have come in just 8 years.

Rememberance - June 12, 2009

I was looking through some screen shot pictures of TV stations on several DX web sites. The majority of them were from the analog days of TV broadcasting. This summer marks two years since full power analog TV broadcasting in the United States ceased. You can still fine some low power stations still broadcasting with analog, but many have already either ceased broadcasting all together or are converting to digital or have converted to digital broadcasting. many believe that even these low power analog broadcasters time is very limited. With only tens of months left and all TV broadcasting in the United States will be digital only. To me it seems hard to believe we have been broadcasting digital only for almost 2 years. It many ways it doesn't seem that long. But in other ways, it seems like a life time.

I admit it. I do miss the analog days. I didn't think I would. Too many nights at the transmitter tuning up finicky exciters and outright defiant power amplifiers. Logging a list of signal readings a mile long. Snowy 4:3 standard definition pictures. Working with technology first developed in the 1930's and added to in the early 1950's. Being amazed we got a picture of any quality to broadcast. Ah, the "good ole days."

I was walking through the old transmitter building the other day replacing a repaired power supply in the back up transmitter and thinking about the television history that was made from that little building. And it was 99% analog history. The building was built in 1963 when the station was built. The third station to come on the air for the air. It was just big enough to surround the RCA TT-25DH (D-Line) transmitter. A monster in size compared to today's technology for the power level. In those days the site was manned whenever the station was on the air. Day one on the air made history. Not only for the fact it was the first day on air, but it was also the day the station went off the air. After being on the air for only a few hours, the main power bus in the circuit breaker panel melted taking the station off the air. It was hastily repaired and that patch lasted until that power panel was gutted in an electrical rewire of the building in 1993.

This picture is of a TT-25DH that was at WQAD channel 8 in Moline, Il. There are no surviving pictures that I am aware of for WGHP's TT-25DH. Interesting sidebar, WQAD became a sister station to WGHP in July of 2008.

In 1981, the original transmitter was replaced by a Harris TVD-50H dual tran transmitter and the building was enlarged to install the Harris while staying on the air with the RCA. The old "D-Line" was sold to a PBS station in Washington State on channel 9 that had the same model transmitter and was looking for another one to use in back up service. A few years later, the site was converted to unmanned operation as the era of wide spread manned transmitter sites drew to a close all over the industry. Several of the transmitter engineers moved to the studio and remained with the station for many years while others moved on to pursue other interests.

For the next 10 years, the site was maintained by one man basically, the late Roy Allman. Roy came to work at the station just as it was signing on for the first time in 1963. Roy worked as a transmitter engineer until the early 80's when he was named Transmitter Supervisor. But by then, there wasn't much to supervise with the site now unmanned. But he was responsible for the maintenance and operation of the transmitter. Roy passed away at age 73 in 2008, just months before the cessation of analog broadcasts.

In February of 1992 I graced the transmitter building for the first time. I was being interviewed to replace Roy upon is retirement in early 1993. My first thought was, "thank God the transmitter isn't a RCA." I had dealt with several old RCA radio transmitters in my career and I had heard the stories of the TV transmitters that made my experiences with the radio transmitters pale in comparison. The TVD-50H was very similar to the Harris FM-25K FM transmitter I was used to. Later I found out the trip to the transmitter was to see if I would run when I saw the transmitter and to see how comfortable I was around it. Guess I passed since I was hired in April of 1992. I spent the next year "apprenticing" with Roy on TV engineering which for me was to learn the video end of it since I already knew the RF and audio side of it.

March 1993 saw Roy's retirement and the mantle of "transmitter supervisor" being passed on to me. I got started by cleaning out 25 years of stuff that was lurking in hidden places and equipment that really wasn't useful anymore. The interior got a paint job and we rewired the electrical of the building. The next year we replaced the old shallow 20 inch RCA equipment racks with new 30 inch deep equipment racks and a rewiring of the audio and control cabling for the building. In 1995 we replaced the old reflector microwave receive antenna system with direct antennas mounted on the tower and added stereo generators and processors to the on air chain and began stereo broadcasting for the first time. Over the next few years life turned to planning for the digital transition.

In 1999 plans were to increase the size of the building to include a new digital transmitter and replace the tower with a stronger tower that would hold multiple antennas for both analog and digital since no one knew how long we broadcasting both. Plans were proceeding when 9/11 occurred and changed everything. Being owned by FOX at the time, FOX lost 3 transmitter sites on World Trade Center 2 when it came down that day. It was decided that if a station had viable analog facilities that could be converted to backup facilities, then it was better to build a new site for digital. That put in motion the two site concept that was eventually built. But on that Tuesday, I spent the whole day in that building watching the events unfold in New York City. Not knowing if another attack was coming and to keep the transmitter running at all costs.

On April 29th, 2002, we fired up digital channel 35 for the first time from the building with a super low power transmitter. A whopping 4200 watts total!

The Harris "dual tran" was finally retired in 2005 with installation of half of the new Larcan TTP-44H channel 8 transmitter for the new transmitter building that was being built at the same time.

The Larcan transmitter ran in the old building until March of 2006 when it was joined with its other half in the new building and main operations switched to the new tower and building on the other side of the property and the old building was relegated to auxiliary service. The old building was cleared out and a new 6 kw auxiliary channel 8 analog transmitter was installed along side of the low power channel 35 digital transmitter. In August of 2006, digital operations moved to the new tower and building with the low power channel 35 transmitter becoming a auxiliary transmitter.

After the digital transition, the plan was to remain on channel 8 digital and the analog channel 8 transmitters would be converted to digital. Two of the three transmitters were converted but due to signal problems with digital VHF, channel 8 was abandoned for channel 35. The two big VHF transmitters, one that had be converted to digital and the other which was never converted were traded in for a 5 kw channel 35 auxiliary transmitter that was installed in the old building. The low power channel 8 transmitter in the old building is being shopped around. The transmitter room that held the channel 8 analog/digital in the new building is now empty and is used for storage.

Strange how fast that much history can run though ones brain while taking only ten steps.

James Kenneth "McKay" McManus

Over the last few weeks, fate has continued to remind me that I am not the "young whipper snapper" I like to think I am. More often than not, I will make a comment about something with a reference from years gone by only for the recipient of said comment, who is young enough to be my child, to have a look of puzzlement on their face like, "what are you talking about?" I was once again reminded just last night as I was watching a DVR'ed episode of FOX News Channel's politically incorrect late night comedy panel show parody, "Red Eye."

On the panel of this episode was comedian Joe DeVito, lawyer Brooke Goldstein and former Arkansas governor Mike Huckabee. In discussing the MTV show 'Skins' and how children are not being raised with any kind of moral teaching anymore, in a joking response to a non sequitur comment from host Greg Gutfeld's sidekick Bill Schulz, Governor Huckabee replied "I think Captain Kangaroo is the most dangerous show for kids. Yelling at Grandfather clock to make him wake up! (pause) There are only a handful of people watching who even know what that means." I KNOW! I WATCHED Captain Kangaroo when I was going up in the 60's! The panel had no idea what Governor Huckabee was talking about. That got the laugh. For those who don't know. Grandfather Clock was always asleep. The other characters on the show got a big chuckle from waking him up all the time. Wow! I. Am. Old. To drive the point home further, this morning in perusing the Video On Demand of the DVR, I found the 2003 documentary of the late ABC Sportscaster, Jim McKay. McKay, died in 2008 of natural causes at the age of 86. I had seen this when it first aired on HBO in 2003. It was written and narrated by McKay himself.

McKay was born James Kenneth McManus. He wanted to be a big time newspaper sportswriter. He loved story telling. And while a huge sports fan, he was always more interested in the people behind the box scores and that is what he wanted to write about. If not for a chance offer to be a part of the first TV station in Baltimore, WMAR, we would have never heard of Jim McKay. We might have heard of a newspaper writer named Jim McManus instead. But after a few years at WMAR, opportunity knocked in the form of a new show in New York City and did McManus want to be a part of it. It was basically the same thing he had been doing at WMAR, a little bit of everything on air, just to do it in New York City. One small problem. The show had already been named, "The Real McKay." McManus would have to change his name to match the show. McManus agreed. Hence, "Jim McKay" was born.

During the documentary, it showed how this little known sportswriter became one of the best known sports reporters ever even though he never did a Super Bowl or World Series. But he did host the Kentucky Derby's, Indy 500's and many of the British Open's for ABC.

McKay found himself to be at the center of many historical sporting events. In part thanks to his sports show, "Wide World of Sports" which was the catalyst of the modern day sports reporting on the athletes themselves and not just what they do on the field of competition. It was the show that spawned these classic cultural words that are used today, mostly out of context, Spanning the globe to bring you the constant variety of sport... the thrill of victory... and the agony of defeat... the human drama of athletic competition... This is ABC's Wide World of Sports!

As the old video and film clips played documenting McKay's professional life, it became too apparent that I remembered many of these things as they were originally broadcast. You can't really say broadcast live since international satellite broadcasting didn't really start to happen until the late 60's and only then cost a small fortune and was saved for really truly exceptional events like coronations or the Olympics. Some big event that the coverage could be planned for. Not like now where all you need is a computer, camera and an Internet connection. Many of the events shown are now etched in the cultures collective memory. Jim McKay was there. Sadly, he will be best remembered for his coverage of the 1972 Munich Olympic murders. His finest moment broadcasting. An event he said that haunted him 30 years later. It was that broadcast that truly showed he "had the right stuff." Many of the big names in television news at the time recognized him as being the right man in the right place at the right time for that story. The legendary Peter Jennings, who himself in later years would become a beloved anchorman, stated in an interview, that at the time, he could not do what McKay did on that broadcast. He watched in awe how he guided the viewing audience through that terrible time with such dignity and integrity to get the the story right the first time, knowing that back home in Ohio, a family was wanting to know the fate of their loved one. As Roone Arledge, then ABC Sports President stated, "we all knew we were not reporting for the nation, but the Berger family. We had to get it right the first time." McKay's old friend and former co-host in the early days, Walter Cronkite sent him a telegram while still in Munich congratulating him on the coverage he had done and that it was recognized at the competitors shop. Not ABC, but Jim McKay owned the story as no one reporter in the world could. It was one of the the most important stories of the 20th Century, and Jim McKay is the only name that you remember with it.

And speaking of the Olympics, McKay's little ABC show, "Wide World of Sports" pretty much single handedly created America's love for ice skating and gymnastics. Back in the day, ABC was a far third place in just about all categories. ABC's Wide World of Sports was an attempt to find a niche within the sports reporting world with little known sports or off the wall sports. Arledge went around the world buying the rights to all kinds of things for pennies on the dollar to air on WWoS. Things like ski jumping, demolition derbies, barrel jumping, rodeos, gymnastics, track and field, just about any kind of off the beaten path sporting event or sports that didn't play on the other networks. McKay was perfectly suited for the job. This was to not only be the box scores, but to know the people of the events. WWoS went to gymnastic events of all kinds, track and field events and such all around the world. It was the 1960 US/USSR Track and Field broadcasts from the Soviet Union that took WWoS from a summer replacement program to a permanent place on ABC's schedule. This was the first broadcast by an American network from the Soviet Union and while the event wasn't available live in the US, ABC did record it on a new invention called "video tape" and flew the tapes back to New York for broadcast a week later. McKay made both sides human, even the Soviets got praise when they did well, something that hadn't been done before and was received with positive viewer reaction. Because of the accomplishments of McKay and WWoS with track and field and gymnastics and ice skating, events that NBC and CBS hardly touched, when ABC got the rights to broadcast the Olympics in the US market, McKay was the natural choice and became known as "Mr Olympics." Even after ABC lost the rights to the Olympics, the public expected McKay to be a part of the broadcast in some way and both CBS and NBC honored him by negotiating with ABC to allow him to be a part of their Olympic broadcasts until his retirement in 2000. You just couldn't have the Olympics without him. In 2008, NBC who had the rights to the games, dedicated the broadcasts to McKay after his death.

To me he will always be THE BEST sportscaster, period. There will never be another Jim McKay and the current crop of sportscasters are all too aware of it having grown up watching him and wanting to do what he did and are in his debt. The ones coming along? They have no idea whose shoulders they are standing on. They should get a clue.

Yeah. I am now officially old.

footnote - Sean McManus, President of CBS News and Sports is McKay's youngest child.